Utilization-aware low-overhead link-width modulation for power reduction in interconnects

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus relating to low-overhead utilization-aware link-width modulation to reduce power consumption in interconnects are described. In one embodiment, link width modulation logic adjusts the width of an interconnect link. More particularly, the link width modulation logic causes the interconnect link to transition from a first width to a second width based on comparison of a utilization value associated with the interconnect link against at least one of a plurality of utilization threshold values. Other embodiments are also disclosed and claimed.

FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of electronics.More particularly, some embodiments relate to low-overhead link-widthmodulation in interconnects that are utilization-aware to achieve powerconsumption reduction.

BACKGROUND

Computer systems are generally made up of components that maycommunicate with one another for various purposes. Links thatinterconnect computer components provide a mechanism for transferringdata and each link may include a plurality of “lanes”, where each lanetransfers a bit of data in a given cycle. The number of lanes to be usedduring communication generally defines the link width which in turneffectively controls the bandwidth of the link. As such, wider linksprovide a larger bandwidth than narrower links. On the other hand, widerlinks tend to consume more power because of the additional circuitrythat supports the additional lanes. Link width, however, typically doesnot change under conventional techniques and a link may be wider thannecessary to address the worse case scenario, resulting in excessivepower consumption.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is provided with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Theuse of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similaror identical items.

FIGS. 1-2 and 5-6 illustrate block diagrams of embodiments of computingsystems, which may be utilized to implement various embodimentsdiscussed herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates portions of a link width modulation logic to reducepower consumption and provide a low-overhead solution for interconnects,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a method to perform link widthmodulation, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments.However, some embodiments may be practiced without the specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, andcircuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure theparticular embodiments. Various aspects of embodiments of the inventionmay be performed using various means, such as integrated semiconductorcircuits (“hardware”), computer-readable instructions organized into oneor more programs (“software”) or some combination of hardware andsoftware. For the purposes of this disclosure reference to “logic” shallmean either hardware, software, or some combination thereof.

Some of the embodiments discussed herein may provide for low-overheadlink-width modulation in interconnects (which may be utilization-aware),e.g., to reduce power consumption. More specifically, some currentHigh-Speed Data Links (HSDLs) may consume several watts of I/O power todrive signals on long wires. One way to increase their power efficiencyis to reduce the link width when the link is at low average utilization.However, this approach would create the problem of determining when toenter or exit a low-width mode without unduly penalizing systemperformance. By contrast, at least one embodiment provides a techniquefor dynamically determining when to enter or exit a low-powerreduced-width mode based on a time-averaged (e.g., low-pass-filtered)bandwidth measurement with hysteresis. Such techniques may in turn use avery small amount of hardware resources (e.g., a single up/down counterand a rotating shift-register) as will be further discussed below.

Moreover, some current products do not perform link-width modulation(also referred to herein as “L0 p”) at all. Instead, they may detectidle periods and enter a low-power sleep state (L0 s) in which no datamay be transmitted. In an embodiment, link width is modulated to allowsystems running at low bandwidth to run in a reduced-width mode (such ashalf or quarter width) instead of turning off completely. In addition,some embodiments use a low-overhead bandwidth-sensitive mechanism toallow for detection of a low (but nonzero) and/or steady bandwidthcondition better than would be possible based on an implementationrelying on an idle timer (in part because some embodiments utilizeaveraging, hysteresis, and/or thresholding).

As discussed herein, “L0” generally refers to link operating at fullwidth (i.e., all lanes) in both directions, “L0 s” generally refers tolink operating at zero width (i.e., no lanes) in one direction, “L1”generally refers to link in zero width (i.e., no lanes) in bothdirections, and “L0 p” generally refers to link operating at partialwidth (i.e., a reduced number of lanes, e.g., half the number of lanes)in one direction. Additionally, the basic unit of transfer over a linkis referred to herein as a “flit” (which may be 80 bits in anembodiment, e.g., with 8 bits for error detection, 8 bits for link-layerheader, and 64 bits for data, although other configurations may beused).

Various embodiments are discussed herein with reference to a computingsystem component, such as the components discussed herein, e.g., withreference to FIGS. 1-2 and 5-6. More particularly, FIG. 1 illustrates ablock diagram of a computing system 100, according to an embodiment ofthe invention. The system 100 may include one or more agents 102-1through 102-M (collectively referred to herein as “agents 102” or moregenerally “agent 102”). In an embodiment, the agents 102 may becomponents of a computing system, such as the computing systemsdiscussed with reference to FIGS. 2 and 5-6.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the agents 102 may communicate via a networkfabric 104. In an embodiment, the network fabric 104 may include one ormore interconnects (or interconnection networks) that communicate via aserial (e.g., point-to-point) link and/or a shared communicationnetwork. For example, some embodiments may facilitate component debug orvalidation on links that allow communication with fully buffered dualin-line memory modules (FBD), e.g., where the FBD link is a serial linkfor coupling memory modules to a host controller device (such as aprocessor or memory hub). Debug information may be transmitted from theFBD channel host such that the debug information may be observed alongthe channel by channel traffic trace capture tools (such as one or morelogic analyzers).

In one embodiment, the system 100 may support a layered protocol scheme,which may include a physical layer, a link layer, a routing layer, atransport layer, and/or a protocol layer. The fabric 104 may furtherfacilitate transmission of data (e.g., in form of packets) from oneprotocol (e.g., caching processor or caching aware memory controller) toanother protocol for a point-to-point network. Also, in someembodiments, the network fabric 104 may provide communication thatadheres to one or more cache coherent protocols.

Furthermore, as shown by the direction of arrows in FIG. 1, the agents102 may transmit and/or receive data via the network fabric 104. Hence,some agents may utilize a unidirectional link while others may utilize abidirectional link for communication. For instance, one or more agents(such as agent 102-M) may transmit data (e.g., via a unidirectional link106), other agent(s) (such as agent 102-2) may receive data (e.g., via aunidirectional link 108), while some agent(s) (such as agent 102-1) mayboth transmit and receive data (e.g., via a bidirectional link 110).

Also, in accordance with an embodiment, one or more of the agents 102may include a Link Width Modulation (LWM) logic 120. In some embodimentseach CPU socket present in a computing system may include a LWM logic120 as will be further discussed with reference to FIG. 2-3, forexample.

More specifically, FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computing system 200in accordance with an embodiment. System 200 may include a plurality ofsockets 202-208 (four shown but some embodiments may have more or lesssocket). Each socket may include a processor and a LWM logic 120. Also,each socket may be coupled to the other sockets via a point-to-point(PtP) link, such as a Quick Path Interconnect (QPI). As discussed withrespect the network fabric 104 of FIG. 1, each socket may be coupled toa local portion of system memory, e.g., formed of a plurality of DualInline Memory Modules (DIMMs) that may include dynamic random accessmemory (DRAM).

As shown in FIG. 2, each socket may be coupled to a memory controller(MC)/Home Agent (HA) (such as MC0/HA0 through MC3/HA3). The memorycontrollers may be coupled to a corresponding local memory (labeled asMEM0 through MEM3), which may be a portion of system memory (such asmemory 512 of FIG. 5). In some embodiments, the memory controller(MC)/Home Agent (HA) (such as MC0/HA0 through MC3/HA3) may be the sameor similar to agent 102-1 of FIG. 1 and the memory, labeled as MEM0through MEM3, may be the same or similar to memory discussed withreference to any of the figures herein. Generally, processing/cachingagents may send requests to a home node for access to a memory addresswith which a corresponding “home agent” is associated. Also, in oneembodiment, MEM0 through MEM3 may be configured to mirror data, e.g., asmaster and slave. Also, one or more components of system 200 may beincluded on the same integrated circuit die in some embodiments.

An implementation such as shown in FIG. 2 thus may be for a socketglueless configuration with mirroring. For example, data assigned to amemory controller (such as MCO/HA0) may be mirrored to another memorycontroller (such as MC3/HA3) over the PtP links.

In some legacy systems, a complete link may be turned off to save powerduring idle periods. However, during periods of low utilization, it maybe more efficient to operate the link at a lower width rather thanshutting down the whole link (e.g., to reduce delay associated withrestarting a link). To this end, an embodiment provides a protocol(e.g., based on timers) that allows a link to be available for a longerperiod of time, while changing widths.

More specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of portions of alink width modulation logic 300 to reduce power consumption and providea low-overhead solution for interconnects (e.g., based on averaging,thresholding, and/or hysteresis of bandwidth measurements), according tosome embodiments. In an embodiment, the logic 120 discussed withreference to the remaining figures includes logic 300.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 400 to perform link widthmodulation, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, variouscomponents discussed with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and 5-6 may be utilizedto perform one or more of the operations discussed with reference toFIG. 4.

Referring to FIGS. 3-4, the L0 p (e.g., reduced width or half-widthmode) approach may use a saturating up/down counter 302 to determine(e.g., average) the link utilization at an operation 402. The counter issaturating in the sense that once it is full it stays full and it is notgoing to reset (unlike a wrap around type counter that resets oncefull). If utilization (as indicated by the value stored in the counter302) is below a low utilization threshold value (e.g., T1) at operation404, the link width is reduced at an operation 406. If utilization (asindicated by the value stored in the counter 302) is above a highutilization threshold value (e.g., T2) at operation 404, the link widthis increased at an operation 408.

In an embodiment, a control register 304 may store two different bitpatterns (one for the high utilization threshold and one for the lowutilization threshold). In turn, the ratio of ones to zeros in thepattern provide the average rate at which the counter is decremented(i.e., deciding the bandwidth threshold). A shift register 306 rotatesthrough the selected pattern (provided by the bit patterns of thecontrol register 304), e.g., where a “1” indicates that the countershould be decremented and transmission of a flit increments the counter.Depending on the implementation, the role of “1” with respect to thecounter increment/decrement may be reversed. Furthermore, each time adata packet could by transmitted (whether it was transmitted or not),the last shift register bit is read, and the counter 302 is decrementedif it is a 1. Accordingly, the saturation counter 302 may be updated atoperation 412.

As shown in FIG. 4, the shift register 306 may be reprogrammed (e.g.,based on the patterns stored in the control register) each time linkwidth is switched at operation 410. For example, when the interconnectis at full width, the low threshold may be programmed, e.g., switchingto half width if the counter becomes empty (indicating that bandwidth isbelow the low threshold). Also, when the interconnect is at reducedwidth (e.g. half width), the high threshold may be programmed, forexample, switching to full width if the counter becomes full (indicatingthat bandwidth is above the threshold).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, when the counter 302 is full, theaverage utilization exceeds the programmed threshold, and when thecounter is empty, the average utilization is below the programmedthreshold. Also, with a full counter at low threshold, the link widthmay be increased. And, with an empty counter at high threshold, the linkwidth may be decreased. In an embodiment, when the link is at fullwidth, the counter is set to search for dropping below the low threshold(T1) at operation 404. In one embodiment, when the link is at halfwidth, the counter is set to search for rising above the high threshold(T2) at operation 404. Also, the effective width of the counter 302 maybe changed to modify the time period over which the utilization isaveraged.

The pseudo code below is provided as an example and describes thecorresponding state machine for the simple case where there are twosample link widths (i.e., full width and half width) in accordance withsome embodiments:

uInt counter; // saturating counter L0_Window bits wide uIntleakPattern; // Pattern of 0s and 1s that define when a counter //leaks. Bool oddCycle; // Toggled every cycle. E.g., decrement only on //odd cycles to make the leak pattern smaller by a // factor of 2. //Initial values counter = MAX/2; leakPattern = Low_BW_Pattern; Boolhalf_width = false; // rotating sequence of 1's and 0's that determinefrequency of counter // decrements. // Initialized to the low bandwidthpattern. // Set to the high bandwidth pattern when the link is at lowbandwidth. oddCycle = false; // Called each time a possible flit(whether or not actually transmitted).  void cycle_advance( ) { oddCycle =! oddCycle;  if (shouldLeak( )) {   counter--; // Its time toleak this counter.  }  if (flitTransmitted != idle_flit) {   // actuallytransmitted a data flit.   counter++;  }  if (half_width && isFull( )) {  // Transition to full width.   half_width = false;   leakPattern =High_BW_Pattern;  }  if (!half_width && isEmpty( )) {   // Transition tohalf width.   half_width = true;   leakPattern = Low_BW_Pattern;  } }Bool shouldLeak( ) {  Rotate(leakPattern); //Doesn't matter whetherrotate left or right.  // Its time to leak if it is an odd cycle and thepattern's last bit is one.  Return (oddCycle && (leakPattern % 2)); } //may ignore the last bit in the counter for full/empty detection //because it may be noisy (e.g., since it may toggle every cycle or so) //This also may provide slightly cheaper hardware (one less bit to //compare). // The shift operation does not have to be performed inhardware; for // example, just dropping the last bit achieves the sameresult. Bool isFull( ) {  return ((counter >> 1) == <all ones>); } BoolisEmpty( ) {  Return ((counter >> 1) == 0); }

Since there are only two modes discussed with reference to the pseudocode above, a single counter and shift register may be used. This is anoptional optimization. When the link is in half-width state, themechanism above checks whether a transition to full-width is needed andvice-versa. Implementing more than two modes (e.g., ⅛, ¼, ½, and/or fullwidth) requires two counters: one for detecting the need for increasedlink width, and another for detecting the need to reduce it. In general,two counters and shift registers are sufficient for managing any numberof modes. However, N modes will still need N-1 thresholds to be storedfor programming into the shift registers.

Also, with respect to only supporting a half-width mode, both high andlow thresholds may be at the <50% mark. Hence, the size of the shiftregister needed may be halved by treating it as 0 every even cycle andreading it only every odd cycle. This is an optional optimization. Thecounter in the above pseudo code example provides a low-pass filter(namely, it averages flits over time). The effective time window may beincreased by simply using a wider counter with more bits. Further,having a high threshold and a low threshold provides hysteresis since athreshold has to be crossed before the system changes state.

In some embodiments, if the link width is tracked over time, thefollowing four conditions may be present. First, constantbandwidth-demand with bandwidth below a certain threshold (e.g., T1)would result in reduced-width mode residency of 100%. Second, constantbandwidth-demand with bandwidth above a certain threshold (e.g., T2)would result in full-width mode residency of 100%. Third, constantbandwidth-demand with medium bandwidth (e.g., between T1 and T2) wouldresult in no change in the link width mode (i.e., hysteresis). Fourth,demand with a transition from low to high bandwidth would result in linkwidth transitioning from reduced-width to full-width after a delay. Thisdelay may be linearly proportional to the difference between thedelivered link bandwidth and the threshold T2 above. This could beillustrated by plotting the delay versus the delivered bandwidth, forexample.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a computing system 500 inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. The computing system 500may include one or more central processing unit(s) (CPUs) 502-1 through502-N or processors (collectively referred to herein as “processors 502”or more generally “processor 502”) that communicate via aninterconnection network (or bus) 504. The processors 502 may include ageneral purpose processor, a network processor (that processes datacommunicated over a computer network 503), or other types of a processor(including a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor or acomplex instruction set computer (CISC)). Moreover, the processors 502may have a single or multiple core design. The processors 502 with amultiple core design may integrate different types of processor cores onthe same integrated circuit (IC) die. Also, the processors 502 with amultiple core design may be implemented as symmetrical or asymmetricalmultiprocessors. Also, the operations discussed with reference to FIGS.1-4 may be performed by one or more components of the system 500. Insome embodiments, the processors 502 may be the same or similar to theprocessors 202-208 of FIG. 2. Furthermore, the processors 502 mayinclude the link width modulation logic 120.

A chipset 506 may also communicate with the interconnection network 504.In an embodiment, the chipset 506 may include LWM logic 120. The chipset506 may include a memory controller hub (MCH) 508. The MCH 508 mayinclude a memory controller 510 that communicates with a memory 512. Thememory 512 may store data, including sequences of instructions that areexecuted by the CPU 502, or any other device included in the computingsystem 500. For example, the memory 512 may store data corresponding toan operation system (OS). In one embodiment of the invention, the memory512 may include one or more volatile storage (or memory) devices such asrandom access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM(SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), or other types of storage devices.Nonvolatile memory may also be utilized such as a hard disk. Additionaldevices may communicate via the interconnection network 504, such asmultiple CPUs and/or multiple system memories.

Additionally, one or more of the processors 502 may have access to oneor more caches (which may include private and/or shared caches invarious embodiments) and associated cache controllers (not shown). Thecache(s) may adhere to one or more cache coherent protocols. Thecache(s) may store data (e.g., including instructions) that are utilizedby one or more components of the system 500. For example, the cache maylocally cache data stored in a memory 512 for faster access by thecomponents of the processors 502. In an embodiment, the cache (that maybe shared) may include a mid-level cache and/or a last level cache(LLC). Also, each processor 502 may include a level 1 (L1) cache.Various components of the processors 502 may communicate with the cachedirectly, through a bus or interconnection network, and/or a memorycontroller or hub. Also, each of the processors 502 (or each corepresent in the processors 502) may include the logic 120 in someembodiments.

The MCH 508 may also include a graphics interface 514 that communicateswith a display device 516, e.g., via a graphics accelerator. In oneembodiment of the invention, the graphics interface 514 may communicatewith the graphics accelerator via an accelerated graphics port (AGP). Inan embodiment of the invention, the display 516 (such as a flat paneldisplay, touch screen, etc.) may communicate with the graphics interface514 through, for example, a signal converter that translates a digitalrepresentation of an image stored in a storage device such as videomemory or system memory into display signals that are interpreted anddisplayed by the display 516. The display signals produced by thedisplay device may pass through various control devices before beinginterpreted by and subsequently displayed on the display 516.

A hub interface 518 may allow the MCH 508 and an input/output controlhub (ICH) 520 to communicate. The ICH 520 may provide an interface toI/O devices that communicate with the computing system 500. The ICH 520may communicate with a bus 522 through a peripheral bridge (orcontroller) 524, such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI)bridge, a universal serial bus (USB) controller, or other types ofperipheral bridges or controllers. The bridge 524 may provide a datapath between the CPU 502 and peripheral devices. Other types oftopologies may be utilized. Also, multiple buses may communicate withthe ICH 520, e.g., through multiple bridges or controllers. Moreover,other peripherals in communication with the ICH 520 may include, invarious embodiments of the invention, integrated drive electronics (IDE)or small computer system interface (SCSI) hard drive(s), USB port(s), akeyboard, a mouse, parallel port(s), serial port(s), floppy diskdrive(s), digital output support (e.g., digital video interface (DVI)),or other devices.

The bus 522 may communicate with an audio device 526, one or more diskdrive(s) 528, and a network interface device 530 (which is incommunication with the computer network 503, e.g., via a wired orwireless interface). Further, the network interface device 530 may becoupled to an antenna (not shown) to wirelessly (e.g., via an Instituteof Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 interface(including IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n, etc.), cellular interface, 3G, 4G, LPE,etc.) communicate with the network 503.). Other devices may communicatevia the bus 522. Also, various components (such as the network interfacedevice 530) may communicate with the MCH 508 in some embodiments of theinvention. In addition, the processor 502 (and/or processors discussedwith reference to other figures) and one or more components of acomputing system (such as one or more components of the system 500 (suchas one or more components of the MCH 508) and/or systems 100/200/600)may be combined to form a single chip, e.g., to provide a System on Chip(SoC).

Furthermore, the computing system 500 may include volatile and/ornonvolatile memory (or storage). For example, nonvolatile memory mayinclude one or more of the following: read-only memory (ROM),programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically EPROM(EEPROM), a disk drive (e.g., 528), a floppy disk, a compact disk ROM(CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), flash memory, amagneto-optical disk, or other types of nonvolatile machine-readablemedia that are capable of storing electronic data (e.g., includinginstructions).

FIG. 6 illustrates a computing system 600 that is arranged in apoint-to-point (PtP) configuration, according to an embodiment of theinvention. In particular, FIG. 6 shows a system where processors,memory, and input/output devices are interconnected by a number ofpoint-to-point interfaces. The operations discussed with reference toFIGS. 1-5 may be performed by one or more components of the system 600.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, the system 600 may include several processors,of which only two, processors 602 and 604 are shown for clarity. Theprocessors 602 and 604 may each include a local memory controller hub(MCH) 606 and 608 to enable communication with memories 610 and 612. Thememories 610 and/or 612 may store various data such as those discussedwith reference to the memory 512 of FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 6, theprocessors 602 and 604 may also include the cache(s) discussed withreference to FIG. 5.

In an embodiment, the processors 602 and 604 may be one of theprocessors 502 discussed with reference to FIG. 5. The processors 602and 604 may exchange data via a point-to-point (PtP) interface 614 usingPtP interface circuits 616 and 618, respectively. Also, the processors602 and 604 may each exchange data with a chipset 620 via individual PtPinterfaces 622 and 624 using point-to-point interface circuits 626, 628,630, and 632. The chipset 620 may further exchange data with ahigh-performance graphics circuit 634 via a high-performance graphicsinterface 636, e.g., using a PtP interface circuit 637. As discussedwith reference to FIG. 5, the graphics interface 636 may be coupled to adisplay device (e.g., display 516) in some embodiments.

At least one embodiment of the invention may be provided within theprocessors 602 and 604 or chipset 620. For example, the link widthmodulation logic 120 may be provided within the processors 602 and 604(or within each core of the processors 602 and/or 604). Otherembodiments of the invention, however, may exist in other circuits,logic units, or devices within the system 600 of FIG. 6. Furthermore,other embodiments of the invention may be distributed throughout severalcircuits, logic units, or devices illustrated in FIG. 6.

The chipset 620 may communicate with a bus 640 using a PtP interfacecircuit 641. The bus 640 may have one or more devices that communicatewith it, such as a bus bridge 642 and I/O devices 643. Via a bus 644,the bus bridge 642 may communicate with other devices such as akeyboard/mouse 645, communication devices 646 (such as modems, networkinterface devices, or other communication devices that may communicatewith the computer network 503), audio I/O device, and/or a data storagedevice 648. The data storage device 648 may store code 649 that may beexecuted by the processors 602 and/or 604.

In various embodiments of the invention, the operations discussedherein, e.g., with reference to FIGS. 1-6, may be implemented ashardware (e.g., circuitry), software, firmware, microcode, orcombinations thereof, which may be provided as a computer programproduct, e.g., including a (e.g., non-transitory) machine-readable or(e.g., non-transitory) computer-readable medium having stored thereoninstructions (or software procedures) used to program a computer toperform a process discussed herein. Also, the term “logic” may include,by way of example, software, hardware, or combinations of software andhardware. The machine-readable medium may include a storage device suchas those discussed with respect to FIGS. 1-6. Additionally, suchcomputer-readable media may be downloaded as a computer program product,wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., aserver) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signalstransmitted via a carrier wave or other propagation medium via acommunication link (e.g., a bus, a modem, or a network connection).

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the embodiment may be included in at least animplementation. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” invarious places in the specification may or may not be all referring tothe same embodiment.

Also, in the description and claims, the terms “coupled” and“connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. In someembodiments of the invention, “connected” may be used to indicate thattwo or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact witheach other. “Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in directphysical or electrical contact. However, “coupled” may also mean thattwo or more elements may not be in direct contact with each other, butmay still cooperate or interact with each other.

Thus, although embodiments of the invention have been described inlanguage specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, itis to be understood that claimed subject matter may not be limited tothe specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific featuresand acts are disclosed as sample forms of implementing the claimedsubject matter.

1. An apparatus comprising: link width modulation logic to adjust awidth of an interconnect link coupled between a first agent and a secondagent, wherein the link width modulation logic is to cause theinterconnect link to transition from a first width to a second widthbased on comparison of a utilization value of the interconnect link withat least one of a plurality of utilization threshold values, wherein theat least one utilization value is to be generated based at leastpartially on a value to be updated in response to an indication by a bitpattern, wherein the bit pattern is to be modified in response totransition from the first width to the second width.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the link width modulation logic is to comprise asaturating counter to generate the utilization value.
 3. The apparatusof claim 2, wherein the saturating counter is to be incremented inresponse to transmission of a flit.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, whereinthe saturating counter is to be decremented in response to an indicationby the bit pattern.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising ashift register to store and shift the bit pattern.
 6. The apparatus ofclaim 5, wherein the shift register is to be reprogrammed in response totransition from the first width to the second width.
 7. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the plurality of utilization threshold values are tocomprise a low utilization threshold value and a high utilizationthreshold value.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first width iscaused to be smaller than the second width of the interconnect link inresponse to a determination that the utilization value is above the highutilization threshold value of the plurality of utilization thresholdvalues.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first width is cause tobe larger than the second width of the interconnect link in response toa determination that the utilization value is below the low utilizationthreshold value of the plurality of utilization threshold values. 10.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a register to store atleast two different bit patterns.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, whereinthe at least two different bit patterns are to comprise a first bitpattern for a high utilization threshold value of the plurality of theutilization threshold values and a second bit pattern for a lowutilization threshold value of the plurality of the utilizationthreshold values.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the interconnectlink is to comprise a point-to-point interconnect link.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first agent or thesecond agent is to comprise a processor having one or more processorcores.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the firstagent or the second agent is to comprise a processor having one or moresockets.
 15. A method comprising: adjusting a width of an interconnectlink from a first width to a second width at a link width modulationlogic, wherein the interconnect link is coupled between a first agentand a second agent; and comparing a utilization value of theinterconnect link with at least one of a plurality of utilizationthreshold values, wherein adjusting the width of the interconnect linkfrom the first width to the second width is to be performed based on aresult of comparing the utilization value of the interconnect link withthe at least one of the plurality of utilization threshold values,wherein the at least one utilization threshold value is generated basedat least partially on a value to be updated in response to an indicationby a bit patter, wherein the bit pattern is modified in response totransition from the first width to the second width.
 16. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising generating the utilization value based onan output of a saturating counter.
 17. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising incrementing the saturating counter in response totransmission of a flit.
 18. The method of claim 16, further comprisingdecrementing the saturating counter in response to an indication by abit pattern.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: a shiftregister storing and shifting the bit pattern; and reprogramming theshift register in response to the transition from the first width to thesecond width.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising causing thefirst width to be smaller than the second width of the interconnect linkin response to a determination that the utilization value is above ahigh utilization threshold value of the plurality of utilizationthreshold values.
 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising causingthe first width to be larger than the second width of the interconnectlink in response to a determination that the utilization value is belowa low utilization threshold value of the plurality of utilizationthreshold values.
 22. A computing system comprising: a first processorcore and a second processor core; a point-to-point interconnect link tocouple the first and second processor cores; and link width modulationlogic to adjust a width of the interconnect link, wherein the link widthmodulation logic is to cause the interconnect link to transition from afirst width to a second width based on comparison of a utilization valueof the interconnect link with at least one of a plurality of utilizationthreshold values, wherein the at least one utilization value is to begenerated based at least partially on a value to be updated in responseto an indication by a bit pattern, wherein the bit pattern is to bemodified in response to transition from the first width to the secondwidth.
 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the link width modulationlogic is to comprise a saturating counter to generate the utilizationvalue.
 24. The system of claim 22, wherein the first width is caused tobe smaller than the second width of the interconnect link in response toa determination that the utilization value is above a high utilizationthreshold value of the plurality of utilization threshold values. 25.The system of claim 22, wherein the first width is cause to be largerthan the second width of the interconnect link in response to adetermination that the utilization value is below a low utilizationthreshold value of the plurality of utilization threshold values.